Joseph hay amies



UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JOSEPH HAY AMIES, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR ()h ONE-THIRDTO CHARLES FREMONT TAYLOR, OF SAME PLACE.

COMBINED PAPER-PULP AND CEMENT PAVEMENT.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 622,877, dated April11, 1899.

Application filed March 28, 1896. Renewed July 29, 1898. Serial No.687,160. (No specimens.)

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, JOSEPH HAY AMIEs, a citizen of the United States,residing at Philadelphia, county of Philadelphia, and State ofPennsylvania, have invented new and useful Improvements in a CombinedPaper-Pulp and Cement Pavement, of which the following is aspecification.

The object of my invention is to construct a pavement out of materialsnot heretofore used in combination for this purpose and which have everyqualification called for in street service, such as durability,elasticity, good finish, and cheapness.

The process of manufacturing such a pavement consists of the steps orstages particularly described in the following, namely:

First, I take waste paper of all kinds and descriptions-such as oldnewspapers, cardboard, scraps, and the like, of which an abundance maybe had for the more cost of collection-and I place them in a mixed andunsorted condition into a vat containing a suliicient quantityof waterand steam or boil them until theyare perfectly soft and reduced to apulp.

I wish it to be understood that by the use of the word pulp throughoutthis specification I mean paper and paper-scrap which has been softenedby the treatment to which I subject it, as herein described, and therebyreduced to a plastic mass which retains in itself the character,strength, and fiber of the paper. I do not comminute or break up intosmall particles the said paper by the treatment I give it; but Irenderit soft andpliable without destroying the fiber. My object is topreserve the paper as paper throughout the stages of the manufacture asfar as possible. Herein lies the diiference between wood-pulp andpaper-pulp, as I use the term.

That the character of my pulp may be understood I will have to brieflyexplain the process of paper-making. Common paper is nowmainly orentirely made from ground wood, (very small amount of rags, or what iscalled hard stock, now being used.) lVith this wood-pulp the paper-makermixes a certain amount of resin, which strengthens the it is emptiedfrom the beating-engine into a receiving-vat. This resin will not unitewith the water in the vat, but clings to the woodpulp. When I soften thepaper-scrap in the manner above described, the resin in said paperresumes its viscid character. It I find there is not a sufficientquantity of the said resin in my pulp, I make and add to it what isneeded to bring it into the proper condition for my further steps.

My second stage is as follows: Having so obtained my pulp I spreadoropeu itby beaters, mingling therewith dry powdered clay of thecharacter used in making bricks until I get the consistency required.This I know by the mixture balling or rolling into lumps. \Vhen thisoccurs,I have sufficient clay. The clay is viseid and will harden andbecome firm in its association with the said pulp. I mix the clay withthe said pulp while it is hot and damp in the boiling-vat. XVhile it isstill hot and damp I remove it and place it in m olds of the desiredsize. lVhen I use said pulp without mingling clay therewith, I secure asolid formation, owing to the presence of the resinous mixture.

In the third stage of the process in addition to preparing the paper andpaper-pulp as above described I beat or brush it out finely. I do notmingle clay with this pulp, but take it from the vat and dryitthoroughly. I then place it in a proper vessel where a quantity of oilis mingled with it. I then add crushed lime or other rock, sand, orgravel in suitable proportions until a rather stiff con sistency isobtained; or this mixture may be formed as asphalt pavement isformed-that is, the sand and asphalt made very hot and the dried pulpwarm and these united in suitable quantities in a mixture, into whichthe oil in a highly-heated state may be poured and thoroughly mingledtherewith. This mixture in a hot state is then placed in the mold on topof that already placed therein. The effect of these two mixtures comingtogether in the said mold under pressure is that the first mixture ofpulp and clay is dried on its face and it adheres to and becomesperfectly united with the second mixture and a solid block is formed.Upon the face of the contents of said mold I now bring down a plungerwith sufficient power to firmly set and concrete all the mass firmlytogether. The paving-block is then complete and after being seasoned orsun-dried is ready for use.

The proportions of the pulp and clay in the first mixture may be variedto secure different degrees of elasticity or rigidity, as desired. Paperor paper-pulp being a non-conductor of heat or cold will permit the useof a larger proportion of oils in combination with asphalt than is nowpossible, and 011 this account a much greater percentage of asphalt maybe used in combination with my said ingredients than with any othermaterials, with the result of a longer life being given to the asphaltpavement so made than is now obtainable by any present method. I aminformed that only about five to seven per cent. of oil can be usedinmixing asphaltpavement compositions, because if a higher percentage isused they will break down in the heat of summer; but because of thissmall percentage of oil the said pavements become so hard in winter asto crack off and gran ulate. Asphalt people admit if they could usetwentyper cent. of oils instead of five or seven per cent. they couldput down pavements that would last ten years without repairing. Thislarger percentage of oil Isecure through using the materials hereinnamed, and in addition the pulp adds strength and endurance to thecomposition.

My pavement has a surface that prevents slipping, and it is alsonoiseless and. practically dustless.

I may lay this pavement down on the street in sheets instead of inblocks, as above described, and when I do I put the base of pulp andclay down upon a properly-prepared foundation in a hot state and roll iteven and hard. I then lay thereupon the second-described layer of drypulp, oil, sand, asphalt, or the like, also hot, and roll them by heavysteamroller until they become united and set and at the same time veryhard upon the face. Such a pavement may be put upon steep hills andinclines, and heavily-loaded teams may be drawn'up and down these gradeswith ease, owing to the friction secured by the presence of the pulp andthe firm foothold it affords to the horses.

I am aware that the use of paper in the construction of floors and otherarticles is not new; also, that paper-pulp has been used in compositionsof Various kinds and for many purposes, and I consequently do not wishto claim the useof paper and paper-pul p broadly; but,

Having now described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire tosecure by Letters Patent, is

1. A street-paving block consisting of two layers compressed together,the lower layer composed of a mixture of paper-pulp, resin and clay, andthe upper layer consisting of paper-pulp, oil, and gritty materialsubstantially as set forth.

2. A street-paving block consisting of paper-pulp in two layers adheringto form one integral piece, the lower layer containing clay and theupper layer ground rock or other gritty material substantially as setforth.

JOSEPH HAY AMIES.

WVitnesses:

CLEMENT OREssoN, J os. W. ROBERTSON.

